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How Do You Know Which Tribe of Israel You Belong to

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Tribes exiled from the Kingdom of Israel after its Neo-Assyrian conquest

The ten lost tribes were the ten of the Twelve Tribes of Israel that were said to take been exiled from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BCE.[i] [two] These are the tribes of Reuben, Simeon, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Manasseh, and Ephraim; all just Judah and Benjamin (as well as some members of Levi, the priestly tribe, which did not accept its own territory). The Jewish historian Josephus (37–100 CE) wrote that "there are but two tribes in Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond Euphrates till at present, and are an immense multitude, and not to exist estimated by numbers".[3]

In the 7th and 8th centuries CE, the return of the lost tribes was associated with the concept of the coming of the messiah.[four] : 58–62 Claims of descent from the "lost tribes" accept been proposed in relation to many groups,[v] and some religions espouse a messianic view that the tribes will return.

Historians have generally concluded the tribes alloyed into the local population, but this has not stopped various religions from asserting that some survived as distinct entities. Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, a professor of Centre Eastern history, states: "The fascination with the tribes has generated, alongside ostensibly nonfictional scholarly studies, a massive body of fictional literature and folktale."[4] : eleven Anthropologist Shalva Weil has documented various differing tribes and peoples claiming affiliation to the Lost Tribes throughout the world.[6]

Scriptural basis [edit]

The scriptural footing for the idea of lost tribes is 2 Kings 17:6: "In the 9th year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria took Samaria, and carried State of israel away unto Assyria, and placed them in Halah, and in Habor, on the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes."

According to the Bible, the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah were the successor states to the older United Monarchy of Israel. The Kingdom of Israel came into existence in almost the 930s BCE after the northern tribes of Israel rejected Solomon's son Rehoboam as their rex. Nine tribes formed the Kingdom of Israel, the tribes of Reuben, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim, and Manasseh.

The tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam, and formed the Kingdom of Judah. In addition, members of the Tribe of Levi were located in cities in both kingdoms. According to ii Chronicles xv:ix, members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon fled to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah (c. 911–870 BCE).

In c. 732 BCE, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser Three sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aramea[vii] and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish, and Nodab. People from these tribes were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River arrangement in Assyria/Mesopotamia. Tiglath-Pilesar besides captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim, and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. Co-ordinate to ii Kings 16:9 and 15:29, the population of Aram and the annexed function of Israel was deported to Assyria.

Israel Finkelstein estimated that merely a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the 2 deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III, Shalmaneser V and Sargon 2.[8] [ page needed ] Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of h2o (Siloam) to be provided past King Hezekiah.[9] Furthermore, 2 Chronicles 30:1–11 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared past the Assyrians—in particular, members of Dan, Ephraim, Manasseh, Asher, and Zebulun—and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem at that time.

The story of Anna on the occasion of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple in the New Testament names her equally being of the (lost) tribe of Asher (Luke 2:36).

The Hebrew Bible does not use the phrase "ten lost tribes", leading some to question the number of tribes involved. one Kings 11:31 states that the kingdom would be taken from Solomon and ten tribes given to Jeroboam:

And he said to Jeroboam, Take thee ten pieces: for thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the paw of Solomon, and will requite ten tribes to thee.

But I will accept the kingdom out of his son'southward paw, and volition give information technology unto thee, fifty-fifty x tribes.

Biblical apocrypha [edit]

Co-ordinate to Zvi Ben-Dor Benite:

Centuries afterward their disappearance, the ten lost tribes sent an indirect simply vital sign ... In two Esdras, we read about the 10 tribes and "their long journeying through that region, which is called Arzareth" ... The book of the "Vision of Ezra", or Esdras, was written in Hebrew or Aramaic by a Jew in State of israel old before the end of the outset century CE, shortly after the destruction of the temple past the Romans [in lxx CE]. It is i of a grouping of texts later designated every bit the so-called Apocrypha—pseudoepigraphal books – attached to simply non included in the Hebrew biblical catechism.[4] : 57

Views [edit]

Judaism [edit]

There are discussions in the Talmud as to whether the ten lost tribes volition eventually be reunited with the Tribe of Judah; that is, with the Jewish people.[10] In the Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin equates the exile of the lost tribes with being morally and spiritually lost. In Tractate Sanhedrin 110B, Rabbi Eliezer states:

Just similar a twenty-four hour period is followed by darkness, and the light later returns, and then too, although it will become 'nighttime' for the ten tribes, God will ultimately take them out of their darkness.

In the Jerusalem Talmud,[11] Rabbi Shimon ben Yehudah, of the town of Acco, states in the proper name of Rabbi Shimon:

If their deeds are as this day'southward, they will not return; otherwise they shall.

An Ashkenazi Jewish legend speaks of these tribes as Die Roite Yiddelech, "the little red Jews", who were cut off from the residue of Jewry by the legendary river Sambation, "whose foaming waters heighten high upwards into the sky a wall of fire and smoke that is impossible to pass through."[12]

Christianity [edit]

To varying degrees, Counterfeit accounts apropos the Lost Tribes, based on biblical accounts, take been produced by Jews and Christians since at least the 17th century.[4] : 59 An increased currency of tales relating to lost tribes that occurred in the 17th century was due to the confluence of several factors. Co-ordinate to Tudor Parfitt:

Equally Michael Pollack shows, Menasseh'south statement was based on "three separate and seemingly unrelated sources: a verse from the book of Isaiah, Matteo Ricci's discovery of an old Jewish customs in the centre of People's republic of china and Antonio Montezinos' reported run across with members of the Lost Tribes in the wilds of S America".[13] : 69

In 1649, Menasseh ben Israel published his volume, The Hope of Israel, in Spanish and Latin in Amsterdam; it included Antonio de Montezinos' account of the Lost Tribes in the New World.[fourteen] [15] An English translation was published in London in 1650. In information technology, Menasseh argued that the native inhabitants of America which were encountered at the time of the European discovery were actually the descendants of the [lost] Ten Tribes of Israel and for the showtime time, he tried to gain support for the theory from European thinkers and publishers.[fourteen] Menasseh noted how important Montezinos' account was,

for the Scriptures practise not tell what people start inhabited those Countries; neither was there mention of them by any, til Christop. Columbus, Americus, Vespacius [sic], Ferdinandus, Cortez [sic], the Marquesse Del Valle [sic], and Franciscus Pizarrus [sic] went thither ...[16]

He wrote on 23 December 1649: "I call back that the 10 Tribes live not only there ... but also in other lands scattered everywhere; these never did come back to the Second Temple and they keep till this day yet the Jewish Religion ..."[17] : 118

In 1655, Menasseh ben Israel petitioned Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews to return to England in furtherance of the Messianic goal. (Since the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, Jews had been prohibited by law from living in England.) With the approach of 1666, considered a significant engagement, Cromwell was allegedly interested in the render of the Jews to England because of the many theories circulating related to millennial thinking about the cease of the world. Many of these ideas were fixed upon the twelvemonth 1666 and the Fifth Monarchy Men who were looking for the return of Jesus as the Messiah; he was expected to establish a final kingdom to rule the concrete world for a thousand years. Messianic believers supported Cromwell's Republic in the expectation that it was a training for the fifth monarchy—that is, the monarchy that should succeed the Babylonian, Persian, Greek, and Roman world empires.[ citation needed ]

Latter-day Saint Move [edit]

The Book of Mormon is based on the premise that two families of Israelites escaped from State of israel soon before the sacking of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, synthetic a ship, sailed across the ocean, and arrived in the New World. They are amidst the ancestors of Native American tribes and the Polynesians.[eighteen] Adherents believe the two founding tribes were called Nephites and Lamanites, that the Nephites obeyed the Law of Moses, good Christianity, and that the Lamanites were rebellious. Eventually the Lamanites wiped out the Nephites around CE 400, and they are among the ancestors of Native Americans.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-mean solar day Saints (LDS Church) believes in the literal gathering of Israel, and the Church actively preaches the gathering of people from the twelve tribes.[19] "Today Israelites are found in all countries of the globe. Many of these people practice not know that they are descended from the ancient house of Israel," the church teaches in its basic Gospel Principles transmission. "The Lord promised that His covenant people would someday be gathered .... God gathers His children through missionary work. As people come to a noesis of Jesus Christ, receiving the ordinances of salvation and keeping the associated covenants, they become 'the children of the covenant' (3 Nephi 20:26)."

The church building too teaches that

"The ability and authority to direct the piece of work of gathering the house of State of israel was given to Joseph Smith by the prophet Moses, who appeared in 1836 in the Kirtland Temple. ... The Israelites are to be gathered spiritually first and then physically. They are gathered spiritually equally they join The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and make and keep sacred covenants. ... The physical gathering of Israel means that the covenant people will be 'gathered home to the lands of their inheritance, and shall be established in all their lands of hope' (2 Nephi 9:ii). The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh will exist gathered in the Americas. The tribe of Judah volition return to the city of Jerusalem and the area surrounding it. The ten lost tribes will receive from the tribe of Ephraim their promised blessings (see D&C 133:26–34). ... The physical gathering of Israel will non exist consummate until the Second Coming of the Savior and on into the Millennium (see Joseph Smith—Matthew 1:37)."[20]

One of their chief Articles of Faith, which was written by Joseph Smith, is equally follows: "We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten Tribes; that Zion (the New Jerusalem) volition be built upon the American continent; that Christ volition reign personally upon the earth; and, that the earth volition be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory." (LDS Articles of Faith #10)

Regarding the Ezekiel 37 prophecy, the church teaches that the Book of Mormon is the stick of Ephraim (or Joseph) mentioned and that the Bible is the stick of Judah, thus comprising two witnesses for Jesus Christ. The church building believes the Book of Mormon to be a collection of records by prophets of the ancient Americas, written on plates of gold and translated by Joseph Smith c. 1830. The church building considers the Book of Mormon one of the main tools for the spiritual gathering of Israel.

Historical view [edit]

Historians mostly concluded that the groups which were referred to equally the Lost Tribes merged with the local population. For case, the New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia states: "In historic fact, some members of the X Tribes remained in the land of Israel, where autonomously from the Samaritans some of their descendants long preserved their identity amid the Jewish population, others were assimilated, while others were presumably captivated past the last Judean exiles who in 597–586 BCE were deported to Assyria ... Unlike the Judeans of the southern Kingdom, who survived a similar fate 135 years afterward, they soon alloyed ..."[21]

Search [edit]

The enduring mysteries surrounding the disappearance of the tribes later became a source of numerous largely mythological narratives in recent centuries, with historian Tudor Parfitt arguing "this myth is a vital feature of colonial discourse throughout the long menstruation of European overseas empires, from the beginning of the fifteenth century, until the later half of the twentieth".[13] : 1, 225 Along with Prester John,[22] [23] they formed an imaginary for exploration and contact with indigenous peoples in the Historic period of Discovery and colonialism.[24]

However, Parfitt's other research indicated some possible ethnic links betwixt several older Jewish Diaspora communities in Asia and Africa and the Centre East, peculiarly those established in pre-colonial times. For example, in his Y-Deoxyribonucleic acid studies of males from the Lemba people, Parfitt constitute a high proportion of paternal Semitic ancestry, Dna that is common to both Arabs and Jews from the Centre East.[25]

His later genetic studies of the Bene Israel of Republic of india, the origins of whom were obscure, as well concluded that they were predominantly descended from males from the Middle Eastward, largely consistent with their oral histories of origin.[26] These findings later led other Judaising groups, including the Gogodala tribe of Papua New Guinea, to seek help in determining their own origins.[27]

Ethnology and anthropology [edit]

Expanded exploration and written report of groups throughout the earth through archaeology and the new field of anthropology in the tardily 19th century led to a revival or a reworking of accounts of the Lost Tribes.[28] For case, because the Mississippian civilisation'south complex earthwork mounds seemed to be beyond the skills of the Native American cultures which were known to European Americans at the time of their discovery, it was theorized that the ancient civilizations which were involved in the mounds' structure were linked to the Lost Tribes. They tried to fit new information which they acquired as the consequence of archaeological findings into a biblical construct.[29] Nonetheless, the earthworks beyond Due north America have been conclusively linked to various Native groups, and today, archaeologists consider the theory of not-Native origin pseudo-scientific.[30] [ folio needed ]

Groups which claim descent from the Lost Tribes [edit]

Pashtuns of Transitional islamic state of afghanistan and Islamic republic of pakistan [edit]

Among the Pashtuns, there is a tradition of being descended from the exiled lost tribes of Israel.[31] This tradition was referenced in 19th century western scholarship and it was too incorporated in the "Lost Tribes" literature which was popular at that fourth dimension (notably George Moore's The Lost Tribes of 1861). Recently (2000s), interest in the topic has been revived by the Jerusalem-based anthropologist Shalva Weil, who was quoted in the popular printing as stating that the "Taliban may exist descended from Jews".[32]

The traditions surrounding the Pashtuns being the remote descendants of the "Lost Tribes of Israel" are to be distinguished from the historical beingness of the Jewish community in eastern Afghanistan or northwest Pakistan which flourished from about the 7th century to the early 20th century, but has substantially disappeared from the region due to emigration to State of israel since the 1950s.

Mughal-era historiography [edit]

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites tin be traced to Makhzan-e-Afghani, a history volume which was compiled for Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi in the reign of the Mughal Emperor Jehangir in the 17th century.

Modern findings [edit]

The Pashtuns are a predominantly Sunni Muslim Iranic people, native to southern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, who attach to an indigenous and pre-Islamic religious code of honor and culture, Pashtunwali. The belief that the Pashtuns are descended from the lost tribes of Israel has never been substantiated by physical historical evidence.[33] [34] Many members of the Taliban hail from the Pashtun tribes and they do not necessarily disclaim their alleged Israelite descent.[35] [36]

In Pashto, the tribal name 'Yusef Zai' means the "sons of Joseph".[36]

A number of genetic studies on Jews abnegate the possibility of a connection, whereas others maintain a link.[37] : 117 In 2010, The Guardian reported that the Israeli authorities was planning to fund a genetic written report to test the veracity of a genetic link betwixt the Pashtuns and the lost tribes of State of israel. The article stated that "Historical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggests a connection, only definitive scientific proof has never been found. Some leading Israeli anthropologists believe that, of all the many groups in the world which claim to have a connection to the 10 lost tribes, the Pashtuns, or Pathans, take the nearly compelling case."[38]

Assyrian Jews [edit]

Some traditions of the Assyrian Jews[39] [forty] [41] [42] claim that Israelites of the tribe of Benjamin offset arrived in the surface area of modern Kurdistan after the Neo-Assyrian Empire'due south conquest of the Kingdom of State of israel during the 8th century BCE; they were afterwards relocated to the Assyrian uppercase.[43] During the first century BCE, the Assyrian royal house of Adiabene—which, according to the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, was ethnically Assyrian and whose majuscule was Erbil (Aramaic: Arbala; Kurdish: Hewlêr)—was converted to Judaism.[44] [45] King Monobazes, his queen Helena, and his son and successor Izates are recorded as the showtime proselytes.[46]

Kashmiri Jews [edit]

The theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel was first suggested past Al-Biruni, the famous 11th-century Western farsi Muslim scholar. According to Al Biruni, "In erstwhile times the inhabitants of Kashmir used to allow one or 2 foreigners to enter their country, peculiarly Jews, but at present they practise not permit any Hindus whom they do not know personally to enter, much less other people."[47]

François Bernier, a 17th-century French physician and Sir Francis Younghusband, who explored this region in the 1800s, commented on the like physiognomy betwixt Kashmiris and Jews,[47] [48] including "fair peel, prominent noses," and similar head shapes.[49] [50] [51]

Baikunth Nath Sharga argues that, despite the etymological similarities between Kashmiri and Jewish surnames, the Kashmiri Pandits are of Indo-Aryan descent while the Jews are of Semitic descent.[52]

Cochin Jews [edit]

Cochin Jews are the oldest group of Jews in India, with roots that are claimed to date back to the fourth dimension of King Solomon.[53] [54] The Cochin Jews settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in South Republic of india,[55] now part of the land of Kerala.[56] [57] As early as the twelfth century, mention is fabricated of the Jews in southern India. The Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela, speaking of Kollam (Quilon) on the Malabar Declension, writes in his Itinerary: "...throughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several k Israelites. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are skilful and benevolent. They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the Talmud and Halacha."[58] These people afterward became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in Kerala first in the 12th and 13th centuries.[59] [lx] They are known to have developed Judeo-Malayalam, a dialect of Malayalam language.

Bnei Menashe [edit]

Since the tardily 20th century, some tribes in the Indian North-Eastern states of Mizoram and Manipur have been claiming that they are Lost Israelites and they have likewise been studying Hebrew and Judaism.[61] [62] In 2005, the chief rabbi of State of israel ruled that the Bnei Menashe are descended from a lost tribe. Based on the ruling, Bnei Menashe are allowed to immigrate to Israel after they formally convert to Judaism.[63] In 2021 four,500 Bnei Menashe had made aliyah to Israel; six,000 Bnei Menashe in Bharat hope to brand aliyah.[64]

Beta Israel of Ethiopia [edit]

The Beta Israel ("House of Israel") are Ethiopian Jews, who were also chosen "Falashas" in the past.[65] Some members of the Beta Israel, as well every bit several Jewish scholars, believe that they are descended from the lost Tribe of Dan, as opposed to the traditional account of their origins which claims that they are descended from the Queen of Sheba and the Israelite king Solomon.[66] [67] [68] [35] They have a tradition of being connected to Jerusalem.[69] Early DNA studies showed that they were descended from Ethiopians, simply in the 21st century, new studies have shown their possible descent from a few Jews who lived in either the 4th or fifth century CE, peradventure in Sudan.[37] [70] The Beta State of israel fabricated contact with other Jewish communities in the later 20th century. In 1973 Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, then the Chief Sephardic Rabbi, based on the Radbaz and other accounts, ruled that the Beta State of israel were Jews and should exist brought to Israel; two years later that stance was confirmed by a number of other authorities who fabricated like rulings, including the Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi Shlomo Goren.[71]

Igbo Jews [edit]

The Igbo Jews of Nigeria variously claim descent from the tribes of Ephraim, Naphtali, Menasseh, Levi, Zebulun and Gad. The theory, however, does not concord upwardly to historical scrutiny. Historians have examined the historical literature on West Africa from the colonial era and they take elucidated that such theories served diverse functions for the writers who proposed them.[72] [73]

Speculation regarding other indigenous groups [edit]

At that place has been speculation regarding various ethnic groups, which would be regarded as fringe theories.

Japanese people [edit]

Some writers have speculated that the Japanese people may be the direct descendants of some of the Ten Lost Tribes. Parfitt writes that "the spread of the fantasy of Israelite origin ... forms a consistent characteristic of the Western colonial enterprise. ... It is in fact in Nippon that we tin trace the most remarkable evolution in the Pacific of an imagined Judaic past. As elsewhere in the globe, the theory that aspects of the country were to exist explained via an Israelite model was introduced by Western agents."[13] : 158

In 1878, Scottish immigrant to Japan Nicholas McLeod self-published Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan.[74] McLeod drew correlations between his observations of Nippon and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy: The civilized race of the Aa. Inus,[sic: read Ainus] the Tokugawa and the Machi No Hito of the large towns, past dwelling house in the tent or tabernacle shaped houses showtime erected past Jin Mu Tenno, have fulfilled Noah's prophecy regarding Japhet, "He shall dwell in the tents of Shem."[74] : 7

Jon Entine emphasizes the fact that DNA evidence shows that at that place are no genetic links betwixt Japanese and Israelite people.[37] : 117

Lemba people [edit]

The Lemba people (Vhalemba) of Southern Africa merits to be the descendants of several Jewish men who traveled from what is now Republic of yemen to Africa in search of gold, where they took wives and established new communities.[75] [76] They specifically adhere to religious practices which are similar to those which exist in Judaism and they also have a tradition of being a migrant people, with clues which betoken to their origin in either West Asia or North Africa. According to the oral history of the Lemba, their ancestors were Jews who came from a identify chosen Sena several hundred years agone and settled in East Africa. Sena is an abandoned ancient town in Yemen, located in the eastern Hadramaut valley, which history indicates was inhabited past Jews in past centuries. Some inquiry suggests that "Sena" may refer to Wadi Masilah (well-nigh Sayhut) in Republic of yemen, often called Sena, or alternatively to the city of Sana'a, which is also located in Yemen.[77] [thirteen] : 61

Māori [edit]

Some early on Christian missionaries to New Zealand speculated that the native Maori were descendants of the Lost Tribes. Some Māori after embraced this belief.[78]

Native Americans [edit]

In 1650, a British minister named Thomas Thorowgood, who was a preacher in Norfolk, published a book entitled Jewes in America or Probabilities that the Americans are of that Race,[79] which he had prepared for the New England missionary society. Parfitt writes of this piece of work: "The guild was agile in trying to convert the Indians but suspected that they might be Jews and realized that it had better be prepared for an arduous chore. Thorowgood's tract argued that the native populations of North America were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes."[13] : 66

In 1652 Hamon L'Estrange, an English language author who wrote literary works almost topics such as history and theology published an exegetical tract chosen Americans no Jews, or improbabilities that the Americans are of that Race in response to the tract past Thorowgood. In response to 50'Estrange, in 1660, Thorowgood published a 2d edition of his book with a revised title and a foreword which was written by John Eliot, a Puritan missionary to the Indians who had translated the Bible into an Indian language.[13] : 66, 76

The American diplomat and journalist Mordecai Manuel Noah also proposed the idea that the indigenous peoples of the Americas are descended from the Israelites in his publication The American Indians Existence the Descendants of the Lost Tribes of State of israel (1837).[80]

That some or all American Indians are part of the lost tribes is suggested past the Volume of Mormon (1830) and it is also a popular belief among Latter-day Saints.[81]

Scythian/Cimmerian theories and British Israelism [edit]

Adherents of British Israelism and Christian Identity both believe that the lost tribes migrated northward, over the Caucasus, and became the Scythians, Cimmerians and Goths, likewise as the progenitors of the later Germanic invaders of Britain.[82] [83] : 26–27

The theory first arose in England and so information technology spread to the United States.[thirteen] : 52–65 During the 20th century, British Israelism was promoted past Herbert W. Armstrong, founder of the Worldwide Church building of God.[13] : 57

Tudor Parfitt, writer of The Lost Tribes: The History of a Myth, states that the proof which is cited past adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre,"[13] : 61 and these notions are widely rejected past historians.[84]

See besides [edit]

  • Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism
  • Black Hebrew Israelites, groups of African Americans who believe that they are descendants of the aboriginal Israelites
  • British Israelism
  • Christian Identity
  • Christianity and Judaism
  • Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites
  • History of the Jews in Afghanistan
  • History of the Jews in Africa
  • History of the Jews in Red china
  • History of the Jews in Bharat
  • History of the Jews in Islamic republic of iran
  • History of the Jews in Republic of iraq
  • History of the Jews in Japan
  • History of the Jews in Kurdistan
  • Islamic–Jewish relations
  • Jewish diaspora
  • Jewish indigenous divisions
  • Jewish history
  • Judaism and Mormonism
  • Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi beginnings
  • Mandaeans
  • Mormonism and Pacific Islanders
  • Shavei Israel, an organization which seeks to discover "lost Jews".
  • Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel
  • Timeline of Jewish history
  • United states of america in Prophecy
  • Joseph Wolff—the and so-called "Eccentric Missionary", the son of a rabbi who converted to Christianity, and set off on extensive travels through Asia in search of the X Lost Tribes in 1828
  • Who is a Jew?

References [edit]

  1. ^ Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 11 chapter 1
  2. ^ 2 Esdras 13:39–45
  3. ^ Josephus, Flavius. Antiquites. p. 11:133.
  4. ^ a b c d Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor (2009). The X Lost Tribes: A Globe History. Oxford Academy Press, The states. ISBN9780195307337.
  5. ^ Weil, Shalva (2015). "Tribes, X Lost". In Patai, Raphael; Bar -Itzhak, Haya (eds.). Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions. Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 542–543. ISBN9781317471714.
  6. ^ Weil, S. 1991 Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes. Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.
  7. ^ Lester L. Grabbe, Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134
  8. ^ Finkelstein, State of israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its sacred texts. Free Press. ISBN9780684869124.
  9. ^ Broshi, Maguen (2001). Breadstuff, Wine, Walls and Scrolls. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. ISBN1841272019.
  10. ^ Neubauer, A. (1888). "Where Are the Ten Tribes?: I. Bible, Talmud, and Midrashic Literature". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 1 (1): 14–28. doi:10.2307/1449853. JSTOR 1449853.
  11. ^ Sanhedrin 10:5
  12. ^ Rosen, Moses (1992). "Epilogue: The Recipe". In Riff, Michael (ed.). The confront of survival : Jewish life in Eastern Europe past and present . London: Valentine Mitchell. p. 215. ISBN9780853032298. OCLC 28236867.
  13. ^ a b c d e f one thousand h i Parfitt, Tudor (2003). The lost tribes of Israel : the history of a myth. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN978-0297819349.
  14. ^ a b Méchoulan, Henry, and Nahon, Gérard (eds.), Menasseh Ben State of israel. The Hope of State of israel, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987, ISBN 0-19-710054-half-dozen, p. 101 and passim.
  15. ^ Wilensky, Chiliad. (1951). "The Royalist Position apropos the Readmission of Jews to England". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 41 (four): 397–409. doi:10.2307/1453207. JSTOR 1453207.
  16. ^ Menasseh ben Israel, The Hope of Israel (London, 1650, English translation), scanned text online at Oliver'southward Bookshelf. Retrieved x May 2013
  17. ^ Ausubel, Nathan (1953). Pictorial history of the Jewish people; from Bible times to our ain day throughout the earth (1st rev. ed.). Crown. ISBN9780517552834.
  18. ^ Johnson, Lane. "Who and Where Are the Lamanites?". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-mean solar day Saints. Retrieved eighteen Oct 2018.
  19. ^ Nelson, Russell Yard. (November 2006). "The Gathering of Scattered Israel". Liahona. The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  20. ^ Gospel Principles, affiliate 42, "The Gathering of the House of State of israel".
  21. ^ Lyman, Stanford Grand. (1998). "The Lost Tribes of Israel as a Trouble in History and Sociology". International Periodical of Politics, Culture, and Society. 12 (1): vii–42. doi:10.1023/A:1025902603291. JSTOR 20019954. S2CID 141243508.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Bruder, Edith (2008). The Blackness Jews of Africa : history, religion, identity. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN9780199934553.
  • Halkin, Hillel (2002). Across the sabbath river : in search of a lost tribe of Israel . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0618029983.
  • Lange, Dierk (2011). "Origin of the Yoruba and 'The Lost Tribes of State of israel'". Anthropos. 106 (2): 579–595. doi:ten.5771/0257-9774-2011-ii-579. JSTOR 23031632.
  • Tudor, Parfitt (2013). Blackness Jews in Africa and the Americas. Harvard University Press. ISBN9780674066984.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes

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